1905 Calabria earthquake
  | |
| UTC time | 1905-09-08 01:43:02 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 16957871 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | 8 September 1905 |
| Local time | 02:43 |
| Magnitude | 7.2 Mw [1] |
| Depth | 15 km (9 mi) [1] |
| Epicenter | 38°38′N 15°47′E / 38.64°N 15.78°E [1] |
| Max. intensity | MMI XI (Extreme) [2] |
| Tsunami | 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) [3] |
| Casualties | 557–2,500 dead [3][4] |
Striking southern Italy on 8 September, the 1905 Calabria earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The first major earthquake of the 20th century, it severely damaged parts of Lipari, Messina Province and a large area between Cosenza and Nicotera and killed between 557 and 2,500 people.
Tectonic setting[edit]
The region of Calabria is located between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, where active extension is ongoing as a a result of slab rollback affecting Tethyan oceanic crust of the African Plate as it subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate. The initial result of the rollback was the formation of the Tyrrhenian Sea back-arc basin starting in the Miocene, continuing in to the Pleistocene. The location of the extension migrated eastwards overall, progressively affecting areas previously affected by thrusting.[5] Extension is accommodated by normal faults on the Tyrrhenian side in Calabria. Many of the active rift faults border basins containing Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary sequences.[6] The trend of normal faults extend southwards to the Strait of Messina, where they occur on the Ionian side in Sicily. Known as the Siculo-Calabrian rift, this active geological feature is characterized by its high seismicity of earthquakes up to Mw 7.1. A series of major damaging earthquakes associated with this rift zone began in 1638, with a sequence of four events, followed by those in 1659, 1693, five earthquakes in 1783, 1905 and 1908. Together these earthquakes ruptured almost the entire length of the zone.[7]
Earthquake[edit]
The mainshock was preceded by two small foreshocks at 23:00 on 7 September and at 0:40 on 8 September. The mainshock occurred at 01:43 UTC and was followed immediately by two aftershocks. The magnitude of the mainshock has been given a wide range of values, from 6.7 Me (equivalent magnitude from intensity observations by INGV),[8] to 7.41±0.29 Mw from instrumental observations.[9] The ISC GEM catalogue gives the event as 7.2 Mw ,[1] while an estimate from a mapped fault in the Sant'Eufemia Gulf, based on a slip value of 2.3 m, gives 6.9 Mw .[10] A recalculation of instrumental recordings using seven stations, rather than the analysis of the records from two stations that gave the higher 7.41 value, gave a magnitude of Mw 7.10±0.26, closer to other estimates.[11]
In the three months after the earthquake, there were 100 aftershocks, rising to 219 by the end of 1905. A further 95 aftershocks were recorded in 1906 and another 82 in 1907.[8]
The location of the earthquake's epicenter and the causative fault are also debated. Three main epicentral locations have been proposed, onshore on Capo Vaticano, offshore in the Sant'Eufemia Gulf or west of Capo Vaticano.[12] The main candidate faults include the proposed Capo Vaticano Fault, thought to be part of the main NW-dipping set and trending SW-NE just offshore from the cape. Parallel to this is the Vibo Valentia Fault mapped onshore. Southeast-dipping faults have also been proposed, of which only the Sant'Eufemia Fault has been fully mapped out, based on seismic reflection data. Finally the WNW-ESE trending Coccorino Fautl has been suggested on the southern side of the Capo Vaticano, with a possible parallel offshore fault, the Western Offshore Fault.[13]
Damage[edit]
The earthquake affected the Calabria region, destroying as many as 25 villages,[14] and 14,000 homes.[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d ISC (27 June 2022), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre
- ^ Tertulliani, A.; Cucci, L. (2008). "Characterization of the seismogenic source of the great 1905 Calabria (southern Italy) earthquake from environmental effects".
- ^ a b USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, archived from the original on 2020-03-13
- ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Information (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
- ^ Faccenna, Claudio; Funiciello, Francesca; Giardini, Domenico; Lucente, Pio (2001). "Episodic back-arc extension during restricted mantle convection in the Central Mediterranean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 187 (1–2): 105–116. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.187..105F. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00280-1. ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ Monaco, C.; Tortorici, L. (2000). "Active faulting in the Calabrian arc and eastern Sicily". Journal of Geodynamics. 29 (3–5): 407–424. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00052-6.
- ^ Jacques, E.; Monaco, C.; Tapponnier, P.; Tortorici, L.; Winter, T. (2001). "Faulting and earthquake triggering during the 1783 Calabria seismic sequence" (PDF). Geophysical Journal International. 147 (3): 499–516. Bibcode:2001GeoJI.147..499J. doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01518.x. ISSN 1365-246X. S2CID 59505619.
- ^ a b Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgatoni, G.; Valensise, G. "1905 09 08 01:43:11 Calabria (Italy)". Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500). INGV-SGA. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Rovida, A.; Locati, M.; Camassi, R.; Lolli, B.; Gasperini, P.; Antonucci, A. (2022). "CPTI15 v4.0 Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes". Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). doi:10.13127/cpti/cpti15.4. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ Loreto, M.F.; Pagnoni, G.; Pettenati, F.; Armigliato, A.; Tinti, S.; Sandron, D.; Brutto, F.; Muto, F.; Facchin, L.; Zgur, F. (2017). "Reconstructed seismic and tsunami scenarios of the 1905 Calabria earthquake (SE Tyrrhenian sea) as a tool for geohazard assessment". Engineering Geology. 224: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.04.018.
- ^ Cucci, L. (2021). "The resizing of the most powerful Italian instrumental earthquake (September 8, 1905, Calabria region, southern Italy)". Annals of Geophysics. 64 (6). doi:10.4401/ag-8675.
- ^ Tertulliani, A.; Cucci, L. (2009). "Clues to the identification of a seismogenic source from environmental effects: the case of the 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 9: 1787–1803.
- ^ Sandron, D.; Loreto, M.F.; Fracassi, U.; Tiberi, L. (2015). "Shaking Scenarios from Multiple Source Models Shed Light on the 8 September 1905 Mw 7 Calabria Earthquake (Southern Italy)". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 105 (2A): 912–927. doi:10.1785/0120140044.
- ^ "Italy's earthquake history". BBC News. October 31, 2002. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History: September 8". United States Geological Survey. February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.